Egypts problem stems from the fact that its land mines are old and hard to locate and were designed for use against tanks, whereas international criticism is generally focused on anti personnel mines. Alternative technologies to replace antipersonnel landmines emphasizes the role that technology can play to allow certain weapons to be used more selectively, reducing the danger to uninvolved civilians while improving the effectiveness of the u. These mines can kill or disable their victims, and are activated by pressure, tripwire or remote detonation. Landmines are often used to extort support from local populations. The banning of antipersonnel landmines the legal contribution of the international committee of the red cross edited by. Antipersonnel mines arms and other weapons great war. A catalogue record for this book is available from the british library isbn 0 521 78317 8 hardback. Other articles where antipersonnel mine is discussed. Antipersonnel mines international committee of the red cross. The history of land mines can be divided up into three main phases. Mike croll released his book the history of landmines ten years ago.
Why landmines are still a problem in 2016, an average of 23 people around the world lost their life or limb to a landmine or another explosive remnant of war, every day. The trump administration has lifted a ban on the u. The international campaign to ban landmines is a global network in some 100 countries that works for a world free of antipersonnel landmines, where landmine survivors can lead fulfilling lives. Mixed antipersonnel and antitank minefields, antipersonnel mines under antitank mines, and fuses separated from mines have all been used for this purpose. Both devices are very similar in shape and principles, although they use different explosives. Anti personnel landmines are an insidious weapon of war. Antipersonnel landmines are explosive devices designed to injure or kill people. International campaign to ban landmines a history of landmines. A land mine can be triggered by a number of things including pressure, movement, sound, magnetism and vibration. Uk firm accused of selling landmines world news the.
The studys conclusions were drawn up by a meeting of active and retired senior military commanders from a variety of countries and were unanimously endorsed by all participants in their personal capacity. Charles stanley delves greatly in the specific dangers of each landmine and the consequences if we ignite them. The conventional method of landmine detection is using metal detectors to sense the. Anti personnel landmines are prohibited under the convention on the. Alternative technologies to replace antipersonnel landmines. If current presidential policy continues, all of the pure apl described here, with the exception of the claymore, will be unavailable. The current situation and future direction for japanese research and development ebook written by katsuhisa furuta, jun ishikawa. The smine was an anti personnel landmine developed by germany in the 1930s and used extensively by german forces during world war ii. Precursors of the weapon are said to have first been used in the american civil war in. The united states pledges to give up landmines, just not everywhere. It was designed to be used in open areas to attack unshielded.
It is usually referred to as the ottawa convention or the antipersonnel. History and negotiation of the ottawa treaty,article by s. In 1997 the coalition was awarded the nobel prize for peace, which it shared with its founding coordinator, american jody williams. This book provides an overview of the work of the icrc concerning landmines from 1955 through 1999. This book is a great concise history of the use and defeat of landmines from early history to today. Today, the obama administration is announcing new policy changes that bring the united states closer to that goal.
Anti personnel landmines continue to have tragic, unintended consequences years after a battle and even the entire war has ended. This is a surprisingly low figure, given that there are more landmines planted in cambodia than there are people an estimated 10 million mines and a population of 8. The old ones are often sold before they become worthless. But anti personnel mines continue to kill and maim even though the war is over. Mar 05, 2019 landmines are of various types with one commonality, i. Chinese landmines are still available on the international arms black market. As time passes, the location of landmines is often forgotten, even by those who planted them. Antipersonnel mines are indiscriminate weapons that injure and kill civilians in every corner of the globe, every day. Antipersonnel landmines 535 international conference for a global ban on antipersonnel landmines,brussels,belgium,2427 june 1997 541 humanitarian aspects an integrated and coordinated approach, statement of cornelio sommaruga, president, icrc, geneva 541 declaration of the brussels conference on antipersonnel landmines 545 press. By the end of the war they had manufactured 16 different types of anti tank mines, 10 different types of anti personnel mines and employed many different types of booby traps improvised devices. There are antipersonnel mines designed to maim, kill and injure people, antivehicle mines designed to destroy tanks and vehicles and smart antipersonnel mines mines which are capable of selfdestruction or selfdeactivation. Understanding landmines and mine action july 2003 prepared by robert keeley page 9. The germans entered ww ii with just 2 types of anti tank mines and one anti personnel mine.
Cambodia is just one of 64 countries around the world littered with some 100 million anti personnel landmines. In that same period tens of millions of stockpiled landmines have been destroyed before they could be planted in the ground and over 1,000 sq km of land has been cleared of five million mines. Landmines are broadly classified into two categories, as 1 anti personnel and 2 anti tank, that are targeted at and detonated by people and vehicles, respectively. After the fall of saigon in april 1975 and the end of the vietnam war, the vietnamese government was left with the legacy of both vietnamese and american mines. Most modern anti vehicle mines use a magnetic trigger to enable it to detonate even if the tires or tracks. In a statement released friday, the white house said the ban. In 1965 alone, 6570% of us marine corps casualties were caused by mines and boobytraps. Various angles, from the military who sows them, to the deminers who defang them, and ultimately, the unfortunate who encounter them are highlighted. The campaign to ban antipersonnel mines was one of the major humanitarian initiatives of the last three decades. Often, single mines are backed by a secondary device, designed to kill or maim personnel tasked with clearing the mine. Uk firm accused of selling landmines world news the guardian.
There are also smart mines, which automatically deactivate themselves after a certain amount of time. Antipersonnel landmine detection for humanitarian demining reports on. Green parrot, also known as butterfly mine is a land mine of soviet production, very similar to the blu43 us army landmine. This practice means that it cannot be said at this stage that the use of anti personnel landmines is prohibited under customary international law. Media in category antipersonnel landmines the following 48 files are in this category, out of 48 total. The ottawa landmine treaty arms control association. That decision was criticized worldwide because most nations had signed. Trump administration loosens obamaera restrictions on. Williams then became the coordinator of an international campaign that resulted in a global ban of landmines. Mines were used throughout world war ii, but nowhere more.
Landmines were a significant cause of american casualties in the vietnam war, not to mention those among vietnamese military personnel and civilians. That is why, since i called for the global elimination of land mines in 1994, the united states has been at the forefront of the effort to ban them not just in words. Anti personnel landmines are designed specifically to reroute or push back foot soldiers from a given geographic area. Land mines are containers of explosive material with detonating systems that are triggered by contact with a person or vehicle. The ottawa convention at a glance arms control association.
Egypt often cites a figure of 23 million landmines buried in the country. Production and transfer of antipersonnel mines and on their destruction, which was signed by 122 governments in ottawa, canada, on 34 december 1997. The exact origin of the antipersonnel mine is the subject of debate. These mines continue to be functional for many decades, causing further damage, injury and death. In january 2020 the united states lifted restrictions on the deployment of anti personnel landmines by american forces. The 1997 convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti personnel mines and on their destruction is the international agreement that bans antipersonnel landmines. Anti personnel mines may be classified into blast mines or fragmentation mines, the latter may or may not be a bouncing mine. Trump just legalized antipersonnel landmines and human. But antipersonnel mines were first used on a wide scale in world war ii.
It is usually referred to as the ottawa convention or the anti personnel mine ban treaty. The role and control of weapons in the 1990s e book ed. More than 50 countries have manufactured about 200 million antipersonnel landmines in the last 25 years. The international committee of the red cross has played a key role in the effort to ban antipersonnel landmines. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The author rob nixon has criticized the use of the adjective antipersonnel to describe mines, noting that the word personnel signifies people engaged in a particular organization, whereas in reality fourfifths of mine casualties are civilians, in particular children. In march 1995, belgium became the first state to pass a domestic antipersonnel landmine ban. Since coming to the senate, senator leahy has been active in the international effort to ban the production, export and use of anti personnel landmines.
Obama in 2014 banned the use of anti personnel landmines with the exception, under pressure from military planners, of the korean peninsula where the. They were produced late in the war and in relatively small number. The untold horror of how danes forced german pows to clear mines after wwii. Jody williams and the campaign to ban landmines cmhr. They can lie dormant for years and even decades under, on, or near the ground until a person or animal triggers their detonating mechanism. The icrc, along with governments, the international campaign to ban landmines and the united nations, argued for a comprehensive prohibition on their use, stockpiling, production and transfer. The convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti personnel mines and on their destruction is the cornerstone of the international effort to end the suffering and casualties caused by anti personnel mines. The mines typically have an operating pressure of 1 to 10 kg. Ottawa convention on antipersonnel landmines oxford handbooks. The use of landmines in the vietnam war vietnam war books. One of the most deadly legacies of the 20th century is the use of landmines in warfare. This debris creates wounds typical of similar secondary blast effects or. Electrically triggered mines of surprising sophistication were used by confederates defending charleston and wilmington in the american civil war, but the. The nomansland of 19141918 became heavily sown with mines in some areas, with the germans even firing mines into the mud with mortars.
Mike croll describes the history of these weapons, which some specialists trace back to the 5th century bc, from their earliest use to the present day. Antipersonnel landmines international committee of the red. In recognition of her efforts, she was awarded the 1997 nobel peace prize jointly with the international campaign to ban landmines for their work for the banning and clearing of anti personnel mines. This ban had been imposed in 2014 for american troops everywhere except those in south korea. Uk firm accused of selling landmines staff and agencies. Antipersonnel mines international committee of the red. Landmines according to international mine action standards imas 5, a landmine is a munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or a vehicle6.
Written by a nobel peace prize colaureate who is one of the leading voices in the antilandmines campaign, this timely book is a comprehensive, practical guide to landmines and unexploded ordnance. Trump administration expected to loosen militarys limits. And it is mainly civilians who suffer the horrific consequences. The pmd6, pmd7 and pmd57 series mines are soviet union blasttype antipersonnel mines that consist of a wooden box with a hinged lid with a slot cut into it. In 1992, senator leahy wrote the first law enacted by any government to prohibit the export of these weapons. German engineers clear a minefield, utilizing a german keiler flail tank, during exercise in san gregorio, spain. May 24, 2018 the campaign to ban anti personnel mines was one of the major humanitarian initiatives of the last three decades. Protecting civilians from the effects of explosive weapons. Landmines can remain active for 50 years, posing a deadly threat to civilians long after a war is over. The 1997 convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of antipersonnel mines and on their destruction is the international agreement that bans antipersonnel landmines.
May 10, 2002 uk firm accused of selling landmines staff and agencies. That means over 8,605 people were hurt or killed in 2016. Sep 23, 2014 president clinton, in his 1994 address to the united nations general assembly, called for the eventual elimination of anti personnel landmines apl. The united states pledges to give up landmines, just not. Antipersonnel landmines convention where global solutions. Antipersonnel landmines international committee of the.
Antipersonnel mines are a form of mine designed for use against humans, as opposed to. Over the past decade, both insurgents and government forces have used mines as a cheap means of controlling territory and the movement of civilians. Antipersonnel landmines continue to have tragic, unintended consequences years after a battle and even the entire war has ended. Media in category anti personnel landmines the following 48 files are in this category, out of 48 total. Keiler mine flail tank minefield clearing vehicle youtube. This book is great for teaching us chrisitians the importance of avoiding these landmines in our lives. The numbers are impressive and the commitment of signatories to the ottawa convention to rid the world of anti personnel devices is far reaching. The untold horror of how danes forced german pows to clear. German schrapnellmine smine aka bouncing betty anti. They keep on injuring and killing people long after the war has ended. The type o anti personnel mine was laid with anti tank mines to discourage the lifting of the latter. Landmines were a leading cause of american casualties. More landmine photos, rendersafe procedures, equipment. Daryl kimball, executive director, 202 4638270 x107 the convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti personnel mines and on their destruction, typically referred to as the ottawa convention or mine ban treaty, seeks to end the use of anti personnel landmines apls worldwide.
Alternative anti personnel landmines introduction the 1997 ottawa treaty banned the use, development, production, stockpiling and transfer of anti personnel mines. The manufacture and sale of anti personnel landmines has been illegal in the uk for the last three years as a result of. As well as offering a historical perspective of this devils garden, the authors also give an overview of the risk and cost of landmines today. Landmines have been much in the news in recent months, but few today know much about them. This appendix provides descriptions of currently available antipersonnel landmines apl and some antitank at mines that are part of mixed systems see table c1. The slot presses down against a retaining pin, which holds back the striker. History media compliance careers affiliate program. The manufacture and sale of anti personnel landmines has been illegal in the uk for the last three years as. In march 1995, belgium became the first state to pass a domestic. A land mine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy. A 1998 publication, the history of landmines, argues that modern landmines trace their lineage from nonexplosive predecessors such as the spikes and stakes that were employed by ancient armies. Jun 29, 2002 antipersonnel landmines rank as one of the top six preventible causes of child mortality in developing nations.
Obama in 2014 banned the use of anti personnel landmines with the exception, under pressure from military planners, of the korean peninsula where the explosives dot the last cold war frontier with. I can find no other details of these and neither could any of the anti mine charities who have some pretty comprehensive records of mine production down the years. Both have caused great suffering in the past decades. Antipersonnel ap mines to act as an obstacle to troops, and hence delay clearance of antitank mines. About a dozen nonparty states have used anti personnel mines in recent conflicts.
New danishgerman film describes how more than 2,000 captive soldiers, many of them still teenagers, were forcibly marched through mine fields, in what some have called denmarks biggest war crime. The exact origin of the anti personnel mine is the subject of debate. When sufficient pressure is applied to the lid of the box the retaining pin moves, allowing the striker to hit the detonator. If current presidential policy continues, all of the pure apl described here, with the exception of the claymore, will be unavailable to the u.
The us government has recently given some financial assistance for humanitarian mine action. China is believed to have the largest stockpile, mostly of anti personnel mines. A boundary fence and markers to indicate the presence of mines 28 typical conventional minefield layouts mixed minefields. Read more by entering this website, you consent to the use of technologies, such as cookies and analytics, to customise content, advertising and provide social media features. In 1997 the coalition was awarded the nobel prize for peace, which it shared with. These devices had a profound effect on ground soldier morale.